Host-Pathogen Interactions and Resilience

@article{el_chamy_sensing_2008,

title = {Sensing of 'danger signals' and pathogen-associated molecular patterns defines binary signaling pathways 'upstream' of Toll},

author = {L El Chamy and V Leclerc and I Caldelari and J-M Reichhart},

doi = {10.1038/ni.1643},

issn = {1529-2916},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-10-01},

journal = {Nat. Immunol.},

volume = {9},

number = {10},

pages = {1165--1170},

abstract = {In drosophila, molecular determinants from fungi and Gram-positive bacteria are detected by circulating pattern-recognition receptors. Published findings suggest that such pattern-recognition receptors activate as-yet-unidentified serine-protease cascades that culminate in the cleavage of Spätzle, the endogenous Toll receptor ligand, and trigger the immune response. We demonstrate here that the protease Grass defines a common activation cascade for the detection of fungi and Gram-positive bacteria mediated by pattern-recognition receptors. The serine protease Persephone, shown before to be specific for fungal detection in a cascade activated by secreted fungal proteases, was also required for the sensing of proteases elicited by bacteria in the hemolymph. Hence, Persephone defines a parallel proteolytic cascade activated by 'danger signals' such as abnormal proteolytic activities.},

keywords = {Animals, Fungi, Genetically Modified, Gram-Positive Bacteria, Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections, In Situ Hybridization, M3i, Mycoses, Pattern Recognition, Peptide Hydrolases, Receptors, reichhart, ROMBY, Serine Endopeptidases, Signal Transduction, Toll-Like Receptors, Unité ARN},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{gottar_dual_2006,

title = {Dual detection of fungal infections in Drosophila via recognition of glucans and sensing of virulence factors},

author = {Marie Gottar and Vanessa Gobert and Alexey A Matskevich and Jean-Marc Reichhart and Chengshu Wang and Tariq M Butt and Marcia Belvin and Jules A Hoffmann and Dominique Ferrandon},

doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2006.10.046},

issn = {0092-8674},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-12-01},

journal = {Cell},

volume = {127},

number = {7},

pages = {1425--1437},

abstract = {The Drosophila immune system discriminates between various types of infections and activates appropriate signal transduction pathways to combat the invading microorganisms. The Toll pathway is required for the host response against fungal and most Gram-positive bacterial infections. The sensing of Gram-positive bacteria is mediated by the pattern recognition receptors PGRP-SA and GNBP1 that cooperate to detect the presence of infections in the host. Here, we report that GNBP3 is a pattern recognition receptor that is required for the detection of fungal cell wall components. Strikingly, we find that there is a second, parallel pathway acting jointly with GNBP3. The Drosophila Persephone protease activates the Toll pathway when proteolytically matured by the secreted fungal virulence factor PR1. Thus, the detection of fungal infections in Drosophila relies both on the recognition of invariant microbial patterns and on monitoring the effects of virulence factors on the host.},

keywords = {Animals, Antibody Formation, Beauveria, Candida albicans, Carrier Proteins, Cellular, ferrandon, Glucans, hoffmann, Immunity, Immunological, M3i, Metarhizium, Models, Polysaccharides, reichhart, Serine Endopeptidases, Signal Transduction, Virulence Factors},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{evans_immune_2006,

title = {Immune pathways and defence mechanisms in honey bees Apis mellifera},

author = {J D Evans and K Aronstein and Y P Chen and Charles Hetru and Jean-Luc Imler and H Jiang and M Kanost and G J Thompson and Z Zou and D Hultmark},

doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00682.x},

issn = {0962-1075},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-10-01},

journal = {Insect Molecular Biology},

volume = {15},

number = {5},

pages = {645--656},

abstract = {Social insects are able to mount both group-level and individual defences against pathogens. Here we focus on individual defences, by presenting a genome-wide analysis of immunity in a social insect, the honey bee Apis mellifera. We present honey bee models for each of four signalling pathways associated with immunity, identifying plausible orthologues for nearly all predicted pathway members. When compared to the sequenced Drosophila and Anopheles genomes, honey bees possess roughly one-third as many genes in 17 gene families implicated in insect immunity. We suggest that an implied reduction in immune flexibility in bees reflects either the strength of social barriers to disease, or a tendency for bees to be attacked by a limited set of highly coevolved pathogens.},

keywords = {Animals, Bees, Carrier Proteins, Genome, imler, Immunity, Insect, Janus Kinases, M3i, Multigene Family, Serine Endopeptidases, Signal Transduction, STAT Transcription Factors, Toll-Like Receptors},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{gobert_dual_2003,

title = {Dual activation of the Drosophila toll pathway by two pattern recognition receptors},

author = {Vanessa Gobert and Marie Gottar and Alexey A Matskevich and Sophie Rutschmann and Julien Royet and Marcia Belvin and Jules A Hoffmann and Dominique Ferrandon},

doi = {10.1126/science.1085432},

issn = {1095-9203},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-12-01},

journal = {Science},

volume = {302},

number = {5653},

pages = {2126--2130},

abstract = {The Toll-dependent defense against Gram-positive bacterial infections in Drosophila is mediated through the peptidoglycan recognition protein SA (PGRP-SA). A mutation termed osiris disrupts the Gram-negative binding protein 1 (GNBP1) gene and leads to compromised survival of mutant flies after Gram-positive infections, but not after fungal or Gram-negative bacterial challenge. Our results demonstrate that GNBP1 and PGRP-SA can jointly activate the Toll pathway. The potential for a combination of distinct proteins to mediate detection of infectious nonself in the fly will refine the concept of pattern recognition in insects.},

keywords = {Animals, Carrier Proteins, Cell Surface, DNA Transposable Elements, ferrandon, Gene Expression, Genes, Gram-Negative Bacteria, Gram-Positive Bacteria, Hemolymph, hoffmann, Hypocreales, Insect, Insect Proteins, M3i, Mutation, Phenotype, Receptors, Serine Endopeptidases, Toll-Like Receptors},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{christophides_immunity-related_2002,

title = {Immunity-related genes and gene families in Anopheles gambiae},

author = {George K Christophides and Evgeny Zdobnov and Carolina Barillas-Mury and Ewan Birney and Stephanie A Blandin and Claudia Blass and Paul T Brey and Frank H Collins and Alberto Danielli and George Dimopoulos and Charles Hetru and Ngo T Hoa and Jules A Hoffmann and Stefan M Kanzok and Ivica Letunic and Elena A Levashina and Thanasis G Loukeris and Gareth Lycett and Stephan Meister and Kristin Michel and Luis F Moita and Hans-Michael Müller and Mike A Osta and Susan M Paskewitz and Jean-Marc Reichhart and Andrey Rzhetsky and Laurent Troxler and Kenneth D Vernick and Dina Vlachou and Jennifer Volz and Christian von Mering and Jiannong Xu and Liangbiao Zheng and Peer Bork and Fotis C Kafatos},

url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364793},

doi = {10.1126/science.1077136},

issn = {1095-9203},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-10-01},

journal = {Science},

volume = {298},

number = {5591},

pages = {159--165},

abstract = {We have identified 242 Anopheles gambiae genes from 18 gene families implicated in innate immunity and have detected marked diversification relative to Drosophila melanogaster. Immune-related gene families involved in recognition, signal modulation, and effector systems show a marked deficit of orthologs and excessive gene expansions, possibly reflecting selection pressures from different pathogens encountered in these insects' very different life-styles. In contrast, the multifunctional Toll signal transduction pathway is substantially conserved, presumably because of counterselection for developmental stability. Representative expression profiles confirm that sequence diversification is accompanied by specific responses to different immune challenges. Alternative RNA splicing may also contribute to expansion of the immune repertoire.},

keywords = {Alternative Splicing, Animals, Anopheles, Apoptosis, bacteria, bioinformatic, blandin, Catechol Oxidase, Computational Biology, Enzyme Precursors, Gene Expression Regulation, Genes, Genetic, Genome, hoffmann, Immunity, Innate, Insect, Insect Proteins, M3i, Multigene Family, Peptides, Phylogeny, Plasmodium, Protein Structure, reichhart, Selection, Serine Endopeptidases, Serpins, Signal Transduction, Tertiary},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{ligoxygakis_activation_2002,

title = {Activation of Drosophila Toll during fungal infection by a blood serine protease},

author = {Petros Ligoxygakis and Nadège Pelte and Jules A Hoffmann and Jean-Marc Reichhart},

doi = {10.1126/science.1072391},

issn = {1095-9203},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-07-01},

journal = {Science},

volume = {297},

number = {5578},

pages = {114--116},

abstract = {Drosophila host defense to fungal and Gram-positive bacterial infection is mediated by the Spaetzle/Toll/cactus gene cassette. It has been proposed that Toll does not function as a pattern recognition receptor per se but is activated through a cleaved form of the cytokine Spaetzle. The upstream events linking infection to the cleavage of Spaetzle have long remained elusive. Here we report the identification of a central component of the fungal activation of Toll. We show that ethylmethane sulfonate-induced mutations in the persephone gene, which encodes a previously unknown serine protease, block induction of the Toll pathway by fungi and resistance to this type of infection.},

keywords = {Animals, Cell Surface, Chromosome Mapping, Escherichia coli, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Genes, Gram-Positive Cocci, Hemolymph, hoffmann, Hypocreales, Insect, Insect Proteins, M3i, Male, Mutation, Protein Sorting Signals, Protein Structure, Receptors, reichhart, Serine Endopeptidases, Tertiary, Toll-Like Receptors},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}